Mitigate reactor failures due to graphitization.

The article discusses how to avoid graphitization in carbon steel (CS) reactors, which occurs from prolonged exposure to high-temperature. It is stated that in graphitization, the graphite nodules are scattered randomly across the microstructure, resulting in degradation of steel's mechanical properties, such as strength and hardness. Techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), C/S analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy are used to investigate and monitor graphitization.