'Participation', White Privilege and Environmental Justice: Understanding Environmentalism Among Hispanics in Toronto.

The environmental justice movement has highlighted not only the unequal distribution of environmental hazards across lines of race and class, but also the white, middle-class nature of some environmentalisms, and broader patterns of marginalization underlying people's opportunities to participate or not. There is a significant body of work discussing Hispanic environmental justice activism in the US, but not in Canada. This paper draws on interviews with representatives of organizations working on environmental initiatives within the Hispanic population of Toronto, Canada to explore definitions of and approaches to environmentalism(s) and community engagement. Four interrelated 'mechanisms of exclusion' are identified in this case study-economic marginalization; (in)accessibility of typical avenues of participation; narrow definitions of 'environmentalism' among environmental organizations; and the perceived whiteness of the environmental movement. Taken together, these mechanisms were perceived as limiting factors to environmental activism in Toronto's Hispanic population. We conclude that the unique context of Toronto's Hispanic community, including contested definitions of 'community' itself, presents both challenges and opportunities for a more inclusive environmentalism, and argue for the value of 'recognition' and 'environmental racialization' frameworks in understanding environmental injustice in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]