Geographies of capital formation and rescaling: A historical-geographical approach to the food desert problem.

Although the 'food desert' concept has captured the public imagination and spurred public policy efforts in many North American cities, the term has been critiqued by academics for being definitionally and methodologically vague, and for providing an incomplete picture of the complexity of food access. Rather than dismiss the study of urban, inner-city food deserts, however, scholars can study disparities in retail food access through a historical, critical political economy lens to understand underserved retail landscapes as a product of capital formation and rescaling over time. The purpose of this article is to conduct such an analysis, using the case study of a low-income community in Kingston, Ontario. Using historical research and qualitative interviews, the major finding of this analysis is that the physical accessibility of retail food appears to have declined over time in relation to the capitalization of the retail food sector. An imperfect relationship can be outlined over three phases of Canadian urban economic history to suggest that the food desert problem emerged largely in the transition from a decentralized, small-scale, and neighbourhood-embedded retail food industry to the scaled-up, disembedded industry that now dominates the landscape. This industry-level rescaling is contributing to a new urban politics of class and consumption through subtle, everyday activities such as food shopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]