Use of sentinel snails for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium transmission on Zanzibar and observations on transmission patterns.

Highlights: [•] Schistosoma haematobium can be detected in infected snails before shedding. [•] Snail prepatent infection rates are higher than patent infection rates. [•] Refractory snails can be used to indicate the presence of S. haematobium miracidia. [•] Infection can be detected in refractory snails for up to 72h post penetration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]