Transmetallation of Gd-DTPA by Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in water: Batch experiments and coagulation–flocculation simulations.

Highlights: [•] Fe(III) and Cu(II) are able to strongly dissociate Gd-DTPA, leading to the release of free gadolinium in water. [•] The replacement of free Gd in Gd-DTPA by Zn(II) remained very low independent from the conditions applied in this study. [•] In coagulation–flocculation simulation with Fe(III), the dissociation of Gd-DTPA was significant (about 27%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]