Initial management of severely head-injured infants.

The initial management of severely head-injured patients, including infants and children, is aimed at preventing and treating secondary brain damage, which mainly result from systemic insults (hypoxaemia, hypercarbia, arterial hypotension). Orotracheal intubation, followed by continuous sedation-analgesia, is mandatory when the Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) is less than or equal to 8 (crush induction is recommended). The goal of mechanical ventilation is to maintain normoxaemia and normocarbia. Moreover, the maintenance of an optimal cerebral perfusion pressure, usually 50 mmHg in infants, requires volume loading (isotonic fluids and colloids), and catecholamines if arterial hypotension persists. Intravenous mannitol is used only in case of life threatening intracranial hypertension, keeping in mind the potential for aggravating an hypovolaemia. Cerebral tomodensitometry is the most relevant imaging procedure for diagnosing surgical brain lesion. However, it should be noted, that severe head trauma is frequently associated with extra-cranial traumatic injuries, which may be responsible for (avoidable) deaths if the diagnosis is not made or delayed. Therefore, infants and small children presenting with severe head trauma should be considered as multiple injured and treated accordingly. Adequate initial management of severely head-injured children may participate to improved neurological outcome. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]