Heterotrophic growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella protothecoides in whey permeate, a dairy by-product stream, for biofuel production.

Highlights: [•] Whey permeate, a waste stream, was used to produce microalgae for biofuels. [•] High lipid-algal biomass was obtained with whey permeate and yeast extract at low C/N. [•] Batch, fed-batch and SSF bioprocesses modes were investigated for algal culture. [•] Algal fatty acid profile when grown in whey permeate was similar to that of glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]