Effect of graphene oxide on affinity-immobilization of purple membranes on solid supports.

Highlights: [•] Graphene oxide was complexed with oxidized avidin to serve as a linker between affinity-immobilized purple membranes and aminated supports. [•] Addition of graphene oxide improved substrate properties as well as the structure of immobilized purple membranes. [•] An improved photocurrent was stably and repeatedly generated by the composite photoelectrical chip. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]