Determining the energy performance of manually controlled solar shades: A stochastic model based co-simulation analysis.

Highlights: [•] Driving factor for adjustment of manually controlled solar shades was determined. [•] A stochastic model for manual solar shades was constructed using Markov method. [•] Co-simulation with Energyplus was carried out in BCVTB. [•] External shading even manually controlled should be used prior to LOW-E windows. [•] Previous studies on manual solar shades may overestimate energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]