Hypercholesterolemia is associated with increased kidney graft loss caused by chronic rejection in male patients with previous acute rejection.

Background: Whereas acute rejection is the main risk factor for the occurrence of chronic rejection, mechanisms in addition to the donor-specific immune response probably contribute to late allograft failure. In this study, we investigated the possible role of hypercholesterolemia in the incidence of chronic kidney graft loss.
Methods: By using the actuarial method, we retrospectively analyzed the long-term loss of cadaveric kidney grafts in patients who had a functioning graft at 1 year and had received a transplant and undergone cyclosporin A therapy in our center between 1983 and 1997.
Results: As observed previously, patients with acute rejection during the 1st posttransplant year (n=198) had significantly higher actuarial graft loss at 10 years compared with those free of acute rejection (n=244). In patients free of acute rejection at 1 year, hypercholesterolemia (> or =250 mg/dl) had no impact on graft loss at 10 years. On the contrary, in patients with previous acute rejection, those with hypercholesterolemia (n=59) had a higher immunological (36.0% vs. 19.2%; P<0.01) and overall (50.0% vs. 25.3%; P<0.01) graft loss at 10 years compared with patients with serum cholesterol <250 mg/dl (n=139). Among patients with 1st year acute rejection, hypercholesterolemia was associated with a significant increase in graft loss in male but not in female recipients. Multivariate analysis confirmed that hypercholesterolemia was an independent risk factor for chronic graft loss in male patients (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Hypercholesterolemia is an independent risk factor for kidney graft loss from chronic rejection in male patients with previous acute rejection. Correction of hypercholesterolemia could help to reduce kidney graft loss caused by chronic rejection in this category of patients.