Automatic sleep detection using activity and facial electrodes.

The most commonly applied unobtrusive sleep monitoring method is actigraphy, the measurement of body limb movements. In spite of its wide clinical acceptance, actigraphy has a low specificity for sleep detection leaving room for novel approaches of unobtrusive sleep monitoring. The present study compared sleep detection by a novel single channel electro-oculography (EOG) method and three activity monitors, with the golden standard of polysomnographic sleep analysis as a reference. With standard actigraphy (Actiwatch placed at the left wrist) sleep detection specificity and sensitivity were 42% and 95%. With the Alive Monitor attached on the same wrist, activity-based sleep detection specificity and sensitivity were 40% and 97%. With another Alive Monitor placed over the sternum sleep detection specificity and sensitivity were 21% and 99%. With two self-applied EOG electrodes combined with automatic sleep detection analysis, specificity and sensitivity were 72% and 96%. The results confirm low specificity of actigraphic sleep estimates, and demonstrate that the novel single-channel EOG method provides a substantial improvement in specificity.