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Vaccinia virus vaccines: past, present and future.
- Source :
-
Antiviral research [Antiviral Res] 2009 Oct; Vol. 84 (1), pp. 1-13. Date of Electronic Publication: 2009 Jun 26. - Publication Year :
- 2009
-
Abstract
- Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been used more extensively for human immunization than any other vaccine. For almost two centuries, VACV was employed to provide cross-protection against variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, until the disease was eradicated in the late 1970s. Since that time, continued research on VACV has produced a number of modified vaccines with improved safety profiles. Attenuation has been achieved through several strategies, including sequential passage in an alternative host, deletion of specific genes or genetic engineering of viral genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins. Some highly attenuated third- and fourth-generation VACV vaccines are now being considered for stockpiling against a possible re-introduction of smallpox through bioterrorism. Researchers have also taken advantage of the ability of the VACV genome to accommodate additional genetic material to produce novel vaccines against a wide variety of infectious agents, including a recombinant VACV encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein that is administered orally to wild animals. This review provides an in-depth examination of these successive generations of VACV vaccines, focusing on how the understanding of poxviral replication and viral gene function permits the deliberate modification of VACV immunogenicity and virulence.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Genetic Engineering
History, 20th Century
History, 21st Century
Humans
Smallpox Vaccine genetics
Smallpox Vaccine immunology
Vaccinia immunology
Vaccinia virology
Vaccinia virus pathogenicity
Vaccinia virus physiology
Virulence
Smallpox Vaccine history
Vaccinia prevention & control
Vaccinia virus genetics
Vaccinia virus immunology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1872-9096
- Volume :
- 84
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Antiviral research
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 19563829
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.06.006