Manufacturing of retroviruses.

Retrovirus vectors derived from moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) were the first class of viral vectors developed for gene therapy. They have been extensively used in clinical trials, particularly in ex vivo transduction of hematopoietic stem cells. Although there is a vast experience acquired with retroviruses, their manufacturing is still a difficult task due to the low cell productivities and inherent instability of the infective virus. These viral vectors are most commonly produced using stable producer cell lines in adherent monolayer culture systems. In order to obtain high transduction efficiencies and low toxicity in clinical applications, the viral preparations should be purified, concentrated, and well characterized to attain stringent quality specifications. This chapter describes currently used protocols for manufacturing retroviruses.