Optimization and simplification of antiretroviral therapy for adults and children.

Purpose of Review: The review reflects on opportunities and challenges for HIV treatment optimization for the next 5 years.
Recent Findings: Considering all currently available options, the fixed-dose combination of tenofovir + lamivudine (or emtricitabine) + efavirenz is considered as the best option for first-line treatment for the short to medium term. Second-line therapy will likely continue to be comprised of a boosted protease inhibitor in combination with two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), with potential for combining with integrase inhibitors. For children, there is potential for simplification and harmonization with adult antiretroviral regimens. First-line therapy for children younger than 3 years of age may be best delivered using two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and a boosted protease inhibitor; above 3 years of age, the standard of care is two NRTIs and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) as recommended for adults. Important research questions include the dosing and safety of new antiretroviral agents and formulations, particularly once-daily fixed-dose combinations, the role of integrase inhibitors and the optimal second-line regimen for NNRTI-exposed children who fail protease inhibitor-containing first-line regimens.
Summary: Treatment simplification is critical to further antiretroviral therapy scaling-up and support long-term retention in care. Future guidance should consider the broader benefits of earlier antiretroviral therapy initiation beyond potential AIDS mortality reduction, notably mitigation of short- and long-term HIV-associated comorbidities, reduction of HIV transmission, increased retention in care, and enhancing programme simplification.