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Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects and pharmacokinetics after intramuscular administration of butorphanol tartrate to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).
- Source :
-
American journal of veterinary research [Am J Vet Res] 2014 Jan; Vol. 75 (1), pp. 11-8. - Publication Year :
- 2014
-
Abstract
- Objective: To evaluate antinociceptive effects and pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate after IM administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius).<br />Animals: Fifteen 2- to 3-year-old American kestrels (6 males and 9 females).<br />Procedures: Butorphanol (1, 3, and 6 mg/kg) and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution were administered IM to birds in a crossover experimental design. Agitation-sedation scores and foot withdrawal response to a thermal stimulus were determined 30 to 60 minutes before (baseline) and 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after treatment. For the pharmacokinetic analysis, butorphanol (6 mg/kg, IM) was administered in the pectoral muscles of each of 12 birds.<br />Results: In male kestrels, butorphanol did not significantly increase thermal thresholds for foot withdrawal, compared with results for saline solution administration. However, at 1.5 hours after administration of 6 mg of butorphanol/kg, the thermal threshold was significantly decreased, compared with the baseline value. Foot withdrawal threshold for female kestrels after butorphanol administration did not differ significantly from that after saline solution administration. However, compared with the baseline value, withdrawal threshold was significantly increased for 1 mg/kg at 0.5 and 6 hours, 3 mg/kg at 6 hours, and 6 mg/kg at 3 hours. There were no significant differences in mean sedation-agitation scores, except for males at 1.5 hours after administration of 6 mg/kg.<br />Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: Butorphanol did not cause thermal antinociception suggestive of analgesia in American kestrels. Sex-dependent responses were identified. Further studies are needed to evaluate the analgesic effects of butorphanol in raptors.
- Subjects :
- Analgesics, Opioid therapeutic use
Animals
Butorphanol therapeutic use
Conscious Sedation methods
Conscious Sedation veterinary
Cross-Over Studies
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Female
Hot Temperature adverse effects
Hypnotics and Sedatives administration & dosage
Hypnotics and Sedatives pharmacokinetics
Hypnotics and Sedatives therapeutic use
Injections, Intramuscular veterinary
Male
Nociceptive Pain drug therapy
Nociceptive Pain physiopathology
Pain Measurement methods
Pain Measurement veterinary
Sex Characteristics
Analgesics, Opioid administration & dosage
Analgesics, Opioid pharmacokinetics
Butorphanol administration & dosage
Butorphanol pharmacokinetics
Nociceptive Pain veterinary
Raptors physiology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1943-5681
- Volume :
- 75
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- American journal of veterinary research
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 24370240
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.1.11