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Gallic acid exhibits risks of inducing muscular hemorrhagic liposis and cerebral hemorrhage--its action mechanism and preventive strategy.

Authors :
Hsieh CL
Lin CH
Wang HE
Peng CC
Peng RY
Source :
Phytotherapy research : PTR [Phytother Res] 2015 Feb; Vol. 29 (2), pp. 267-80. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Nov 17.
Publication Year :
2015

Abstract

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) (GA) occurs in many plants. The adverse effects of GA are seldom cited. GA (6-14 μM) provoked the hemorrhagic liposis of the cervical muscles and intracranial hemorrhage. The cause of these pathological events and the method for prevention are still lacking. Using the chicken embryo model and some selected nutraceutics such as folate, glutathione (GSH), N-acetylcysteine, and vitamin E (Vit E), we carried out this study. Results revealed that the action mechanism of GA involved (i) inducing hypoxia with upregulated gene hif-1α and downregulated ratio vegf-r2/vegf-a, leading to dys-vascularization and myopathy; (ii) impairing cytochrome c oxidase; (iii) stimulating creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase release; (iv) eliciting carnitine accumulation and liposis via downregulating gene CPT1; (v) suppressing superoxide dismutase and stimulating NO, H2O2, and malondialdehyde; and (vi) depleting erythrocytic and tissue GSH, resulting in hemorrhage. When both Vit E and GSH were applied to the day 1 chicks, a better alleviation effect was revealed. Conclusively, GA potentially exhibits adverse effect by eliciting hemorrhagic liposis of cervical muscles and cerebral hemorrhage. Supplementation with GSH, Vit E, and N-acetylcysteine is able to ameliorate these adverse effects, warranting the importance of restricting the clinical phytotherapeutic doses of GA and related compounds.<br /> (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
1099-1573
Volume :
29
Issue :
2
Database :
MEDLINE
Journal :
Phytotherapy research : PTR
Publication Type :
Academic Journal
Accession number :
25403162
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5249