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N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives: how the stability of the neutral and radical cation forms affects overcharge performance in lithium-ion batteries.
- Source :
-
Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry [Chemphyschem] 2015 Apr 27; Vol. 16 (6), pp. 1179-89. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Dec 11. - Publication Year :
- 2015
-
Abstract
- Phenothiazine and five N-substituted derivatives were evaluated as electrolyte additives for overcharge protection in LiFePO4 /synthetic graphite lithium-ion batteries. We report on the stability and reactivity of both the neutral and radical-cation forms of these six compounds. While three of the compounds show extensive overcharge protection, the remaining three last for only one to a few cycles. UV/Vis studies of redox shuttle stability in the radical cation form are consistent with the overcharge performance: redox shuttles with spectra that show little change over time exhibit extensive overcharge performance, whereas those with changing spectra have limited overcharge protection. In one case, we determined that a C-N bond cleaves upon oxidation, forming the phenothiazine radical cation and leading to premature overcharge protection failure; in another case, poor solubility appears to limit protection.<br /> (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1439-7641
- Volume :
- 16
- Issue :
- 6
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 25504135
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201402674