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A maize ADP-ribosylation factor ZmArf2 increases organ and seed size by promoting cell expansion in Arabidopsis.
- Source :
-
Physiologia plantarum [Physiol Plant] 2016 Jan; Vol. 156 (1), pp. 97-107. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Aug 20. - Publication Year :
- 2016
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Abstract
- ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are small GTP-binding proteins that regulate a wide variety of cell functions. Previously, we isolated a new ARF, ZmArf2, from maize (Zea mays). Sequence and expression characteristics indicated that ZmArf2 might play a critical role in the early stages of endosperm development. In this study, we investigated ZmArf2 function by analysis of its GTP-binding activity and subcellular localization. We also over-expressed ZmArf2 in Arabidopsis and measured organ and cell size and counted cell numbers. The expression levels of five organ size-associated genes were also determined in 35S::ZmArf2 transgenic and wild-type plants. Results showed that the recombinant ZmArf2 protein purified from Escherichia coli exhibited GTP-binding activity. Subcellular localization revealed that ZmArf2 was localized in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. ZmArf2 over-expression in Arabidopsis showed that 35S::ZmArf2 transgenic plants were taller and had larger leaves and seeds compared to wild-type plants, which resulted from cell expansions, not an increase in cell numbers. In addition, three cell expansion-related genes, AtEXP3, AtEXP5 and AtEXP10, were upregulated in 35S::ZmArf2 transgenic lines, while the expression levels of AtGIF1 and AtGRF5, were unchanged. Collectively, our studies suggest that ZmArf2 has an active GTP-binding function, and plays a crucial role in growth and development in Arabidopsis through cell expansion mediated by cell expansion genes.<br /> (© 2015 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)
- Subjects :
- ADP-Ribosylation Factors metabolism
Arabidopsis cytology
Arabidopsis genetics
Cell Enlargement
Cell Membrane metabolism
Cytoplasm metabolism
Genes, Reporter
Plant Leaves cytology
Plant Leaves genetics
Plant Leaves growth & development
Plant Proteins genetics
Plant Proteins metabolism
Plants, Genetically Modified
Seeds cytology
Seeds genetics
Up-Regulation
ADP-Ribosylation Factors genetics
Arabidopsis growth & development
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Seeds growth & development
Zea mays genetics
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1399-3054
- Volume :
- 156
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Physiologia plantarum
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 26096810
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12359