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Different modes of synergistic toxicities between metam/copper (II) and metam/zinc (II) in HepG2 cells: apoptosis vs. necrosis.
- Source :
-
Environmental toxicology [Environ Toxicol] 2016 Dec; Vol. 31 (12), pp. 1964-1973. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Sep 29. - Publication Year :
- 2016
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Abstract
- Both metam sodium and copper/zinc-containing compounds are widely used as fungicides. They therefore may co-occur in the biosphere. Despite certain studies of individual toxicity for either metam or copper (II)/zinc (II), their synergistic toxicity has not been examined. In this paper, a remarkable synergistic toxicity was observed in HepG2 cells when metam and copper (II)/zinc (II) at non-toxic and sub-toxic levels were combined. Unexpectedly, cell death modes between metam/copper (II) and metam/zinc (II) were different: For metam/copper (II), apoptosis was evident from morphological characteristics including cytoplasm-chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, SubG <subscript>0</subscript> /G <subscript>1</subscript> DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, pro/anti-apoptotic protein activation, and cytochrome c release; for metam/zinc (II), necrosis was evident from organelle swelling and uncontrolled collapse. To our knowledge, this work first not only demonstrates the synergistic toxicities of metam and both copper (II)/zinc (II), but also verifies the different modes of apoptosis/necrosis between metam/copper (II) and metam/zinc (II). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1964-1973, 2016.<br /> (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1522-7278
- Volume :
- 31
- Issue :
- 12
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Environmental toxicology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 26420683
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.22197