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Immune polarization by hookworms: taking cues from T helper type 2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages.
- Source :
-
Immunology [Immunology] 2016 Jun; Vol. 148 (2), pp. 115-24. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 Mar 31. - Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- Cellular and molecular investigation of parasitic helminth infections has greatly accelerated the understanding of type 2 immune responses. However, there remains considerable debate regarding the specific leucocytes that kill parasites and whether these mechanisms are distinct from those responsible for tissue repair. Herein, we chronicle discoveries over the past decade highlighting current paradigms in type 2 immunity with a particular emphasis upon how CD4(+) T helper type 2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages coordinately control helminth-induced parasitism. Primarily, this review will draw from studies of the murine nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which bears important similarities to the human hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Given that one or more hookworm species currently infect millions of individuals across the globe, we propose that vaccine and/or pharmaceutical-based cure strategies targeting these affected human populations should incorporate the conceptual advances outlined herein.<br /> (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Subjects :
- Animals
Antigens, Helminth immunology
Cell Differentiation
Complement Pathway, Alternative
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Macrophage Activation
Macrophages parasitology
Th2 Cells parasitology
Ancylostoma immunology
Ancylostomiasis immunology
Macrophages immunology
Necator americanus immunology
Necatoriasis immunology
Nippostrongylus immunology
Strongylida Infections immunology
Th2 Cells immunology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1365-2567
- Volume :
- 148
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Immunology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 26928141
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12601