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Differential modulation of neuro- and interrenal steroidogenesis of juvenile salmon by the organophosphates - tris(2-butoxyethyl)- and tris(2-cloroethyl) phosphate.
- Source :
-
Environmental research [Environ Res] 2016 Jul; Vol. 148, pp. 63-71. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 Mar 26. - Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- Following the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs) flame retardants under well-documented toxicity issues, organophosphate such as tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris(2-cloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were considered as potential substitutes. Although TBOEP and TCEP are consistently detected in the aquatic environment, there are few data about the possible toxicological effects of these compounds on aquatic organisms, including fish. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of TBOEP and TCEP on neuro- and interrenal steroidogenesis of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), after a seven-day exposure to four different concentrations (0 (control), 0.04, 0.2 and 1mg/L) of each compound. TBOEP and TCEP were diluted in Milli-Q water. The expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis (StAR, cyp19a, cyp19b, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-hsd), and 11β-hydroxylase (cyp11β)), were analyzed in the brain and head kidney using real-time PCR. Plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) analysis was performed using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Our results showed that TBOEP accumulated more rapidly than TCEP in fish muscle tissue. Surprisingly, TBOEP produced less pronounced effects than TCEP on neural and interrenal steroidogenic responses, despite the observed rapid uptake and bioaccumulation pattern. Specifically, TBOEP produced significant and consistent concentration-specific alterations on neural- and interrenal steroidogenesis. Plasma levels of 11-KT were not significantly altered by any of the exposures. The increased expression of steroidogenic genes demonstrated in the present study could produce time-specific alterations in the production of glucocorticoids and steroid hormones that play integral roles in fish metabolism, stress responses and adaptation, sexual maturation, reproduction and migration with overt consequences on reproductive success and survival.<br /> (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Animals
Brain metabolism
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System genetics
Fish Proteins genetics
Flame Retardants
Gene Expression Regulation drug effects
Head Kidney metabolism
Membrane Proteins genetics
Muscles metabolism
Organophosphates pharmacokinetics
Organophosphorus Compounds pharmacokinetics
Salmon metabolism
Testosterone analogs & derivatives
Testosterone blood
Water Pollutants, Chemical pharmacokinetics
Brain drug effects
Head Kidney drug effects
Organophosphates toxicity
Organophosphorus Compounds toxicity
Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1096-0953
- Volume :
- 148
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Environmental research
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 27019041
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.020