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A review of intranasal formulations for the treatment of seizure emergencies.
- Source :
-
Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society [J Control Release] 2016 Sep 10; Vol. 237, pp. 147-59. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 Jul 07. - Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- Epileptic seizure emergencies are life-threatening conditions, which in their most severe form, status epilepticus, have a high mortality rate if not quickly terminated. Treatment requires rapid delivery of anti-epileptics such as benzodiazepines to the brain. The nasal route is attractive due to its non-invasiveness, potential for direct nose to brain delivery, high vascularity, relatively large absorptive surface area, and avoidance of intestinal/liver metabolism. However, the limited volume of the nasal cavity and poor water solubility of anti-epileptics restrict absorption, leading to insufficient therapeutic brain levels. This review covers various formulation approaches adopted to improve nasal delivery of drugs, especially benzodiazepines, used to treat seizure emergencies. Other general topics such as nasal anatomy, challenges to nasal delivery, and drug/formulation considerations for nose to brain delivery are also discussed.<br /> (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Administration, Intranasal
Animals
Anticonvulsants pharmacokinetics
Anticonvulsants therapeutic use
Benzodiazepines pharmacokinetics
Benzodiazepines therapeutic use
Drug Delivery Systems instrumentation
Emulsions chemistry
Humans
Nanoparticles chemistry
Anticonvulsants administration & dosage
Benzodiazepines administration & dosage
Drug Delivery Systems methods
Pharmaceutical Vehicles chemistry
Seizures drug therapy
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1873-4995
- Volume :
- 237
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 27397490
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.001