Key features of mcr-1 -bearing plasmids from Escherichia coli isolated from humans and food.

Background: Mcr-1 -harboring Enterobacteriaceae are reported worldwide since their first discovery in 2015. However, a limited number of studies are available that compared full-length plasmid sequences of human and animal origins.
Methods: In this study, mcr-1 -bearing plasmids from seven Escherichia coli isolates recovered from patients (n = 3), poultry meat (n = 2) and turkey meat (n = 2) in Switzerland were further analyzed and compared. Isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The mcr-1 -bearing plasmids were transferred by transformation into reference strain E. coli DH5α and MCR-1-producing transformants were selected on LB-agar supplemented with 2 mg/L colistin. Purified plasmids were then sequenced and compared.
Results: MLST revealed six distinct STs, illustrating the high clonal diversity among mcr-1- positive E. coli isolates of different origins. Two different mcr-1 -positive plasmids were identified from a single E. coli ST48 human isolate. All other isolates possessed a single mcr-1 harboring plasmid. Transferable IncI2 (size ca. 60-61 kb) and IncX4 (size ca. 33-35 kb) type plasmids each bearing mcr-1 were found associated with human and food isolates. None of the mcr-1 -positive IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids possessed any additional resistance determinants. Surprisingly, all but one of the sequenced mcr-1 -positive plasmids lacked the IS Apl1 element, which is a key element mediating acquisition of mcr-1 into various plasmid backbones.
Conclusions: There is strong evidence that the food chain may be an important transmission route for mcr-1 -bearing plasmids. Our data suggest that some "epidemic" plasmids rather than specific E. coli clones might be responsible for the spread of the mcr-1 gene along the food chain.