Trading off Aircraft Fuel Burn and NO x Emissions for Optimal Climate Policy.

Aviation emits pollutants that affect the climate, including CO ₂ and NO _x , NO _x indirectly so, through the formation of tropospheric ozone and reduction of ambient methane. To improve the fuel performance of engines, combustor temperatures and pressures often increase, increasing NO _x emissions. Conversely, combustor modifications to reduce NO _x may increase CO ₂ . Hence, a technology trade-off exists, which also translates to a trade-off between short-lived climate forcers and a long-lived greenhouse gas, CO ₂ . Moreover, the NO _x -O ₃ -CH ₄ system responds in a nonlinear manner, according to both aviation emissions and background NO _x . A simple climate model was modified to incorporate nonlinearities parametrized from a complex chemistry model. Case studies showed that for a scenario of a 20% reduction in NO _x emissions the consequential CO ₂ penalty of 2% actually increased the total radiative forcing (RF). For a 2% fuel penalty, NO _x emissions needed to be reduced by >43% to realize an overall benefit. Conversely, to ensure that the fuel penalty for a 20% NO _x emission reduction did not increase overall forcing, a 0.5% increase in CO ₂ was found to be the "break even" point. The time scales of the climate effects of NO _x and CO ₂ are quite different, necessitating careful analysis of proposed emissions trade-offs.