Elimination of CD4 low HLA-G + T cells overcomes castration-resistance in prostate cancer therapy.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a main treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) but the disease often recurs and becomes castration-resistant in nearly all patients. Recent data implicate the involvement of immune cells in the development of this castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In particular, T cells have been found to be expanded in both PCa patients and mouse models shortly after androgen deprivation. However, whether or which of the T cell subtypes play an important role during the development of CRPC is unknown. Here we identified a novel population of CD4 ^low HLA-G ⁺ T cells that undergo significant expansion in PCa patients after ADT. In mouse PCa models, a similar CD4 ^low T cell population expands during the early stages of CRPC onset. These cells are identified as IL-4-expressing T _H 17 cells, and are shown to be associated with CRPC onset in patients and essential for the development of CRPC in mouse models. Mechanistically, CD4 ^low HLA-G ⁺ T cells drive androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells by modulating the activity and migration of CD11b ^low F4/80 ^hi macrophages. Furthermore, following androgen deprivation, elevated PGE ₂ -EP2 signaling inhibited the expression of CD4 in thymocytes, and subsequently induced the polarization of CD4 ^low naïve T cells towards the IL-4-expressing T _H 17 phenotype via up-regulation of IL23R. Therapeutically, inactivating PGE ₂ signaling with celecoxib at a time when CD4 ^low HLA-G ⁺ T cells appeared, but not immediately following androgen deprivation, dramatically suppressed the onset of CRPC. Collectively, our results indicate that an unusual population of CD4 ^low HLA-G ⁺ T cells is essential for the development of CRPC and point to a new therapeutic avenue of combining ADT with PGE ₂ inhibition for the treatment of prostate cancer.