Translating the message: Karlodinium veneficum possesses an expanded toolkit of protein translation initiation factors.

Dinoflagellates are unusual eukaryotes with large genomes and a reduced role for transcriptional regulation compared to other eukaryotes. The mRNA in dinoflagellates is trans -spliced with a 5'-spliced-leader sequence, yielding a 22-nucleotide 5'-sequence with a methylated nucleotide cap. Since the control of gene expression is primarily post-transcriptional, this study focuses on mRNA recruitment as a means for regulating gene expression and specifically on the diversity of eIF4E family members. Three novel clades related to the cap binding initiation factor eIF4E have been recognized in alveolates that are distinct from the three metazoan classes of eIF4E. We have analyzed the characteristics of five of the fourteen eIF4E family members from Karlodinium veneficum , four from clade 1 and one from clade 2. Members of each clade all bear the distinctive features of a cap-binding protein. We examined their ability to interact with the cap analogue, m ⁷ GTP using an in vitro bead-binding assay. We show that recombinant eIF4E-1 family members are able to bind the cap analogue m ⁷ GTP, but eIF4E-2b binds poorly. Overall, the eIF4E-1 family members may be serving as general cap-binding translation initiation factors, while the eIF4E-2 (and perhaps eIF4E-3) family members may serve a regulatory role in gene expression.