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Strength of nonhuman primate studies of developmental programming: review of sample sizes, challenges, and steps for future work.
- Source :
-
Journal of developmental origins of health and disease [J Dev Orig Health Dis] 2020 Jun; Vol. 11 (3), pp. 297-306. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Sep 30. - Publication Year :
- 2020
-
Abstract
- Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies are crucial to biomedical research. NHPs are the species most similar to humans in lifespan, body size, and hormonal profiles. Planning research requires statistical power evaluation, which is difficult to perform when lacking directly relevant preliminary data. This is especially true for NHP developmental programming studies, which are scarce. We review the sample sizes reported, challenges, areas needing further work, and goals of NHP maternal nutritional programming studies. The literature search included 27 keywords, for example, maternal obesity, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal high-fat diet, and maternal nutrient reduction. Only fetal and postnatal offspring studies involving tissue collection or imaging were included. Twenty-eight studies investigated maternal over-nutrition and 33 under-nutrition; 23 involved macaques and 38 baboons. Analysis by sex was performed in 19; minimum group size ranged from 1 to 8 (mean 4.7 ± 0.52, median 4, mode 3) and maximum group size from 3 to 16 (8.3 ± 0.93, 8, 8). Sexes were pooled in 42 studies; minimum group size ranged from 2 to 16 (mean 5.3 ± 0.35, median 6, mode 6) and maximum group size from 4 to 26 (10.2 ± 0.92, 8, 8). A typical study with sex-based analyses had group size minimum 4 and maximum 8 per sex. Among studies with sexes pooled, minimum group size averaged 6 and maximum 8. All studies reported some significant differences between groups. Therefore, studies with group sizes 3-8 can detect significance between groups. To address deficiencies in the literature, goals include increasing age range, more frequently considering sex as a biological variable, expanding topics, replicating studies, exploring intergenerational effects, and examining interventions.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Developmental Biology standards
Developmental Biology trends
Female
Fetal Development
Male
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Pregnancy
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects diagnosis
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects physiopathology
Reproducibility of Results
Research Design standards
Research Design trends
Sample Size
Sex Factors
Developmental Biology methods
Disease Models, Animal
Macaca physiology
Papio physiology
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects etiology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 2040-1752
- Volume :
- 11
- Issue :
- 3
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Journal of developmental origins of health and disease
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 31566171
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174419000539