Tick transmission of toxoplasmosis.

Introduction : Infection with Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ) causes the disease toxoplasmosis in humans and animals. Oral transmission alone may not explain the widespread distribution of this parasite over large species of host animals and geographic areas. Areas covered : Limited studies indicate the potential role of ticks in the distribution of T. gondii . The possibility of transmission of T. gondii has been demonstrated in Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor andersoni, Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes amblyomma, Amblyomma cajennense, Ornithodorus moubata and Haemaphysalis longicornis . Tick transmission of T. gondii , spread of ticks and pathogens by migratory birds and presence in the United States (US) of tick vectors of human and animal disease like Haemaphysalis longicornis indigenous to other parts of the world provide a possible mechanism for the widespread distribution of T. gondii , and a potentially expanding disease threat. Expert opinion : The evidence indicates that T. gondii is potentially an unrecognized tick-borne pathogen spreading toxoplasmosis, and that clinicians might consider toxoplasmosis in the differential diagnosis of tickborne diseases.