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Cytokinin Detection during the Dictyostelium discoideum Life Cycle: Profiles Are Dynamic and Affect Cell Growth and Spore Germination.
- Source :
-
Biomolecules [Biomolecules] 2019 Nov 05; Vol. 9 (11). Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Nov 05. - Publication Year :
- 2019
-
Abstract
- Cytokinins (CKs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved growth regulating hormones. While CKs are well-characterized in plant systems, these N <superscript>6</superscript> -substituted adenine derivatives are found in a variety of organisms beyond plants, including bacteria, fungi, mammals, and the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum . Within Dictyostelium , CKs have only been studied in the late developmental stages of the life cycle, where they promote spore encapsulation and dormancy. In this study, we used ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-(ESI+)-HRMS/MS) to profile CKs during the Dictyostelium life cycle: growth, aggregation, mound, slug, fruiting body, and germination. Comprehensive profiling revealed that Dictyostelium produces 6 CK forms ( cis -Zeatin ( c Z), discadenine (DA), N <superscript>6</superscript> -isopentenyladenine (iP), N <superscript>6</superscript> -isopentenyladenine-9-riboside (iPR), N <superscript>6</superscript> -isopentenyladenine-9-riboside-5' phosphate (iPRP), and 2-methylthio- N <superscript>6</superscript> -isopentenyladenine (2MeSiP)) in varying abundance across the sampled life cycle stages, thus laying the foundation for the CK biosynthesis pathway to be defined in this organism. Interestingly, iP-type CKs were the most dominant CK analytes detected during growth and aggregation. Exogenous treatment of AX3 cells with various CK types revealed that iP was the only CK to promote the proliferation of cells in culture. In support of previous studies, metabolomics data revealed that DA is one of the most significantly upregulated small molecules during Dictyostelium development, and our data indicates that total CK levels are highest during germination. While much remains to be explored in Dictyostelium , this research offers new insight into the nature of CK biosynthesis, secretion, and function during Dictyostelium growth, development, and spore germination.
- Subjects :
- Cell Line
Cell Proliferation
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Dictyostelium metabolism
Life Cycle Stages
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Spores, Protozoan growth & development
Spores, Protozoan metabolism
Up-Regulation
Cytokinins metabolism
Dictyostelium growth & development
Metabolomics methods
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 2218-273X
- Volume :
- 9
- Issue :
- 11
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Biomolecules
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 31694277
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110702