Regulations on Messenger RNA: Wires and Nodes.

Somatic cells of an organism virtually share the same DNA but it is the timely expression of specific genes that determine their phenotype and cellular identity. A series of complex molecular machinery allows for the regulated process of RNA transcription, splicing, and translation. In addition, microRNAs and specialized RNA binding proteins can trigger the degradation of mRNAs. Long non-coding RNAs can also regulate mRNA fate in multiple ways. In this chapter, we reviewed the RNA processing mechanisms directly regulating immune checkpoint genes. We also cover RNA-based therapeutic strategies aiming at restoring immunity by targeting immune checkpoint genes.