Multiple opioid prescribers: A genuine quest for treatment rather than aberrant behaviour. A two-decade population-based study.

Background: Accessing multiple prescribers for opioid prescription, referred to as doctor-shopping, is associated with an increased risk of opioid overdose and fatalities.
Aim: The primary aim of this study was to assess the probability of accessing multiple prescribers among patients dispensed prescription opioids.
Method: A retrospective population-based study using the Monitoring of Drugs of Dependence system of the Medicines Monitoring Unit (MMU) of Queensland Health, Australia. We assessed the odds of accessing multiple prescribers across both -short-term (≤1 month, 2-3 months) and longer-term (4-6 months and ≥7 months). We examined the relationship between multiple doctor visits, the dispensed dose of opioid and patient's residential socioeconomic status (SES).
Result: Compared to those dispensed opioid prescriptions for ≥7-12 months, those dispensed opioids for ≤1 month were more likely to have visited ≥3 prescribers (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)) 4.06, 95% CI 4.01, 4.10, while for 2-3 months and 4-6 months the odds were aOR 2.36, 95% CI 2.33, 2.39 and aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.74, 1.79 respectively. Patients dispensed opioid doses of ≥100 oral morphine milligram equivalent per day (MME/day) were more likely to obtain prescriptions from ≥3 prescribers compare to those receiving a dose of <20MME/day (aOR 1.90; 95% CI 1.87, 1.94). The probability of obtaining opioid prescriptions from multiple prescribers increased as the socioeconomic status decreased: aOR 1.41; 95% CI 1.38, 1.44 for lowest SES compared to the highest SES.
Conclusion: Patients were more than four time likely to be dispensed opioid prescriptions from multiple prescribers within the first 30 days of initiating opioid treatment, possibly as part of multidisciplinary referral post-hospital discharge. High dose opioid and low SES was associated with higher probability of accessing multiple prescribers.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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