Glycolipid-peptide vaccination induces liver-resident memory CD8 + T cells that protect against rodent malaria.

Liver resident-memory CD8 ⁺ T cells (T _RM cells) can kill liver-stage Plasmodium -infected cells and prevent malaria, but simple vaccines for generating this important immune population are lacking. Here, we report the development of a fully synthetic self-adjuvanting glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccine designed to efficiently induce liver T _RM cells. Upon cleavage in vivo, the glycolipid-peptide conjugate vaccine releases an MHC I-restricted peptide epitope (to stimulate Plasmodium -specific CD8 ⁺ T cells) and an adjuvant component, the NKT cell agonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). A single dose of this vaccine in mice induced substantial numbers of intrahepatic malaria-specific CD8 ⁺ T cells expressing canonical markers of liver T _RM cells (CD69, CXCR6, and CD101), and these cells could be further increased in number upon vaccine boosting. We show that modifications to the peptide, such as addition of proteasomal-cleavage sequences or epitope-flanking sequences, or the use of alternative conjugation methods to link the peptide to the glycolipid improved liver T _RM cell generation and led to the development of a vaccine able to induce sterile protection in C57BL/6 mice against Plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge after a single dose. Furthermore, this vaccine induced endogenous liver T _RM cells that were long-lived (half-life of ~425 days) and were able to maintain >90% sterile protection to day 200. Our findings describe an ideal synthetic vaccine platform for generating large numbers of liver T _RM cells for effective control of liver-stage malaria and, potentially, a variety of other hepatotropic infections.
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