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COVID-19: the role of excessive cytokine release and potential ACE2 down-regulation in promoting hypercoagulable state associated with severe illness.
- Source :
-
Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis [J Thromb Thrombolysis] 2021 Feb; Vol. 51 (2), pp. 313-329. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a universally prevalent infectious disease. The causative virus of COVID-19 is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2. Recent retrospective clinical studies have established a significant association between the incidence of vascular thrombotic events and the severity of COVID-19. The enhancement in serum levels of markers that reflect a hypercoagulable state has been suggested to indicate a poor prognosis. Therefore, at present, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that foster the hypercoagulable state in COVID-19. Over-activated inflammatory response, which is manifested as excessive cytokine release in COVID-19 patients, is also associated with COVID-19 severity. This review discusses the immuno-pathological basis of the excessive cytokine release in COVID-19. Besides, this article reviews the role of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines, whose significant elevations in their serum levels have been consistently detected in multiple different clinical studies, in promoting the hypercoagulable state. Since the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is potentially down-regulated in COVID-19, as proposed by a recent bio-informatic analysis, mechanisms through which reduced ACE2 expressions promote vascular thrombosis are summarized. In addition, the reciprocal-enhancing effects of the excessive cytokine release and the downregulated ACE2 expression on their pro-thrombotic activities are further discussed. Here, based on currently available evidence, we review the pathogenic mechanisms of the hypercoagulable state associated with severe cases of COVID-19 to give insights into prevention and treatment of the vascular thrombotic events in COVID-19.
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1573-742X
- Volume :
- 51
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 32676883
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02224-2