Regulated Crystallization of FASnI 3 Films through Seeded Growth Process for Efficient Tin Perovskite Solar Cells.

Although rapid progress has been made in tin-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the inferior film qualities of the solution-processed perovskites always lead to poor reproducibility and instability. Herein, we present a simple seeded growth (SG) approach to obtain high-quality tin-based perovskite films with preferred crystal orientation, large grain sizes, and fewer apparent grain boundaries. High-quality tin-based perovskite films fabricated through this SG process could greatly reduce the nonradiative recombination centers and inhibit the oxidation of Sn ²⁺ . Using formamidinium tin tri-iodide (FASnI ₃ ) perovskites, the SG-PSCs exhibit a much improved efficiency from 5.37% (control) to 7.32% with all improved photovoltaic parameters. Moreover, this SG strategy is easily applicable to other tin-based perovskite compositions. The PSC based on methylammonium (MA) doped mixed-cation perovskite (FA _0.75 MA _0.25 SnI ₃ ) exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.54% with an improvement of 19.3% in the photovoltaic performance, making it a general approach for achieving efficient tin-based PSCs.