Translocation and metabolism of imidacloprid in cabbage: Application of 14 C-labelling and LC-QTOF-MS.

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide effective against sucking and some chewing insects. Translocation and metabolism of IMI in plants are related to food safety. In this study, ¹⁴ C-labeled IMI was used to investigate its translocation, transformation, radioactive IMI metabolites and possible metabolic pathways in cabbage. The amount of IMI accumulated in the edible part of cabbage accounted for 80.3-95.4% of the applied amounts by foliar application. There was a tendency to transport from edible parts to inedible parts. The proportions of extractable IMI decreased gradually from 92.4% to 83.0% in edible parts, greater than that in inedible parts over the experiment (0-19 days), while the bound residues showed an opposite trend. The half-life of IMI was determined as 33.0 and 63.0 days in the edible parts and whole plant, respectively. Five radioactive components including the parent IMI were detected by HPLC-LSC. The relative content of M1 was less than 0.01 mg kg ^-1 , which was not required to identify according to the metabolic scheme proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The metabolites N-nitro(1-6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-4,5-dihydroxyimidazol-2-imine (M2), N-nitro(1-6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-4/5-hydroxyimidazole-2-imine (M3) and 1/3-(1-6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-2,4-imidazodione (M4) were identified by LC-QTOF-MS. The primary metabolism of IMI in cabbage included hydrolysis and oxidation. The residue level and daily intake values of IMI in cabbage were estimated to be 0.033-0.078 mg kg ^-1 and 9.56-20.01 ng d ^-1 kg ^-1 , respectively, which were far below the maximum residue level and allowable daily intake values.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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