Growth responses, accumulation, translocation and distribution of vanadium in tobacco and its potential in phytoremediation.

The metal tolerance mechanism of plants is of great importance to explore the plant-based clean-up of environmental substrata contaminated by heavy metals. Indoor experiment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedlings growing hydroponically in nutrient solution containing 0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 mg L ^-1  V was conducted. The results indicated that plant overall growth performance was significantly affected at ≥ 2.0 mg L ^-1  V. Oxidative stress degree as indicated by foliar O ₂ ^- · and H ₂ O ₂ content intensified markedly at ≥ 0.5 mg L ^-1  V treatments. In response, the plant activated its enzyme and non-enzyme protecting mechanism to cope with oxidative stress inflicted by vanadium. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, POD, CAT, APX, and the concentration of non-enzyme antioxidants, e.g., AsA and GSH were all conspicuously (p < 0.5 or p < 0.1) enhanced at ≥ 0.5 mg L ^-1  V treatments. Vanadium accumulated in leaves, stems, and roots increased with increasing vanadium level. The majority of the absorbed vanadium retained in plant root, and minor portions were transferred to aerial parts. Vanadium concentration in plant tissues ordered as root ˃ stem ˃ leaf. Translocation factors (TF) in vanadium-treated tobaccos (TF « 1) were significantly lower than that of control (TF ˃ 1). In conclusion, although vanadium at ≥ 2.0 mg L ^-1 inhibited plant growth, tobacco exhibited a relatively good vanadium tolerance through self-adaptive regulation and has the potential as a phytostabilizer in decontaminating the environment contaminated by vanadium.
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