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Prevalence and factors associated with HIV-1 multi-drug resistance over the past two decades in the Italian ARCA database.
- Source :
-
International journal of antimicrobial agents [Int J Antimicrob Agents] 2021 Feb; Vol. 57 (2), pp. 106252. Date of Electronic Publication: 2020 Nov 28. - Publication Year :
- 2021
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Abstract
- Despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART), patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can develop multi-class drug resistance (MDR). This retrospective study aimed to explore the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance over the past two decades by focusing on HIV-MDR and its predictors. ART-experienced patients with HIV with results from at least one plasma genotypic resistance test (GRT) from 1998 to 2018, from the Antiviral Response Cohort Analysis database, were included in this study. The temporal trend of resistance to any drug class was evaluated by considering all GRTs. Prevalence and predictors of HIV-MDR were analysed by consideration of cumulative GRTs. Among 15 628 isolates from 6802 patients, resistance to at least one drug class decreased sharply from 1998 to 2010 (1998-2001: 78%; 2008-2010: 59%; P<0.001) and then remained relatively constant at approximately 50% from 2011 to 2018, with the proportion of isolates with HIV-MDR also stable (approximately 9%). By evaluating factors associated with cumulative HIV-MDR, the following factors were found to be associated with increased risk of HIV-MDR on multi-variate analysis: male gender; sexual and vertical transmission; number of previous protease inhibitors, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-NRTIs; previous exposure to integrase strand transfer inhibitors, enfuvirtide and maraviroc; and co-infection with hepatitis B virus. In contrast, a nadir CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm <superscript>3</superscript> , starting first-line ART in 2008 or later and co-infection with hepatitis C virus were associated with lower risk of HIV-MDR. In conclusion, this study revealed that HIV-1 drug resistance has been stable since 2011 despite its dramatic decrease over the past two decades. HIV-MDR is still present, although at a lower rate, suggesting the need for continuous surveillance and accurate management of ART-experienced patients with HIV.<br /> (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Adult
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Coinfection
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Viral
Female
HIV Infections complications
HIV Infections transmission
HIV Integrase Inhibitors pharmacology
HIV Integrase Inhibitors therapeutic use
HIV Protease Inhibitors pharmacology
HIV Protease Inhibitors therapeutic use
Hepatitis B complications
Humans
Italy
Male
Retrospective Studies
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors pharmacology
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors therapeutic use
Risk Factors
Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology
Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use
HIV Infections drug therapy
HIV Infections virology
HIV-1 drug effects
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1872-7913
- Volume :
- 57
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- International journal of antimicrobial agents
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 33259914
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106252