Assignment of PM 2.5 sources in western Japan by non-negative matrix factorization of concentration-weighted trajectories of GED-ICP-MS/MS element concentrations.

Rapid economic growth in Asian countries has raised concerns about the influence of air pollutants transported to Japan by westerly winds. We coupled a gas exchange device (GED) with a tandem inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS/MS) to enable direct introduction of PM _2.5 to ICP and thus provide better data than could be obtained from samples collected by conventional filter methods. We used the GED-ICP-MS/MS system in Matsue City in western Japan to monitor in real time 29 elements in PM _2.5 at 10-min intervals and to estimate the pollutant sources by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) of concentration-weighted air-mass trajectories. The trajectory analysis identified high V, As, Sn, and Sb concentrations over the ocean from Taiwan to Tsushima Strait. NMF analysis revealed that these elements could be decomposed to multiple factors that indicated a large contribution from oceanic areas. The elemental contributions of these factors were high for metals/metalloids with low melting points as oxides, strongly suggesting that they were sourced from combustion of ship fuel. Our results demonstrate that both emissions from ships at sea and land-based emissions from Japan and continental Asia contribute to PM _2.5 in Matsue City.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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