Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and management of low back pain: A systematic review of quantity and quality.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is highly prevalent in the general population and is responsible for increased health-care costs, pain, impairment of activity, and if chronic, is associated with a range of comorbidities.
Objectives: The purpose of this review was to identify the quantity and assess the quality of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the treatment and/or management of LBP in adults.
Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Guidelines International Network were systematically searched from 2008 to 2018 to identify LBP CPGs. Eligible CPGs were assessed in duplicate using the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument across 6 domains: scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigour of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence.
Results: Of 181 unique search results, 22 CPGs for the treatment and/or management of LBP were eligible. Scaled domain percentages from highest to lowest were: scope and purpose (90.0%), clarity of presentation (84.0%), stakeholder involvement (54.0%), rigour of development (51.2%), editorial independence (39.6%) and applicability (28.5%). Quality varied within and across CPGs.
Conclusions: CPGs varied in quality, with most scoring the highest in the scope and purpose and clarity of presentation domains. CPGs achieved variable and lower scores in the stakeholder involvement, rigour of development, applicability, and editorial independence domains. CPGs with higher AGREE II scores can serve as suitable evidence-based resources for clinicians involved in LBP care; CPGs with lower scores could be improved in future updates using the AGREE II instrument, among other guideline development resources, as a guide.
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