The manifestation of participation within a co-design process involving patients, significant others and health-care professionals.

Background: Despite intentions to increase user participation in the development of health services, the concept of participation and how it unfolds within studies with a participatory design has rarely been addressed.
Objective: The aim of this study was to describe how user participation manifests itself within a co-design process involving patients, significant others and health-care professionals, including potential enablers or barriers.
Methods: This study was conducted in the context of a co-design process of a new person-centred transition from a hospital to continued rehabilitation in the home involving three patients with stroke, one significant other and 11 professionals. Data were collected by observations during the workshops, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires.
Results: Four categories: 'Composition of individuals for an adaptive climate'; 'The balancing of roles and power'; 'Different perspectives as common ground for a shared understanding'; and 'Facilitating an unpredictable and ever-adaptive process', with all together nine subcategories, resulted from the analysis. Participation varied between individuals, groups and steps within the process, and on the topic of discussions and the motivation to contribute.
Discussion/conclusion: Participation is not something that is realized by only applying participatory design methodology. Participation manifests itself through the interaction of the participants and their skills to handle different perspectives, roles and assignments. Participation is enabled by individual, group and facilitating aspects. Co-design processes should allow for varying levels of participation among the participants and throughout the process.
Patient or Public Contribution: Patients, significant others and health-care professionals participated as co-designers of a care transition model between hospital and home.
(© 2021 The Authors. Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)