Can Alveolar-Arterial Difference and Lung Ultrasound Help the Clinical Decision Making in Patients with COVID-19?

Background: COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease, that is heavily challenging health systems worldwide. Admission Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) and Lung Ultrasound (LUS) can be of great help in clinical decision making, especially during the current pandemic and the consequent overcrowding of the Emergency Department (ED). The aim of the study was to demonstrate the capability of alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO ₂ ) in predicting the need for subsequent oxygen support and survival in patients with COVID-19 infection, especially in the presence of baseline normal PaO ₂ /FiO ₂ ratio (P/F) values.
Methods: A cohort of 223 swab-confirmed COVID-19 patients underwent clinical evaluation, blood tests, ABG and LUS in the ED. LUS score was derived from 12 ultrasound lung windows. AaDO ₂ was derived as AaDO ₂ = ((FiO ₂ ) (Atmospheric pressure - H ₂ O pressure) - (PaCO ₂ /R)) - PaO ₂ . Endpoints were subsequent oxygen support need and survival.
Results: A close relationship between AaDO ₂ and P/F and between AaDO ₂ and LUS score was observed (R ² = 0.88 and R ² = 0.67, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). In the subgroup of patients with P/F between 300 and 400, 94.7% ( n = 107) had high AaDO ₂ values, and 51.4% ( n = 55) received oxygen support, with 2 ICU admissions and 10 deaths. According to ROC analysis, AaDO ₂ > 39.4 had 83.6% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity (AUC 0.936; p < 0.001) in predicting subsequent oxygen support, whereas a LUS score > 6 showed 89.7% sensitivity and 75.0% specificity (AUC 0.896; p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves showed different mortality in the AaDO ₂ subgroups ( p = 0.0025).
Conclusions: LUS and AaDO ₂ are easy and effective tools, which allow bedside risk stratification in patients with COVID-19, especially when P/F values, signs, and symptoms are not indicative of severe lung dysfunction.