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The endocrine effects of bitter tastant administration in the gastrointestinal system: intragastric versus intraduodenal administration.
- Source :
-
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism [Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab] 2021 Jul 01; Vol. 321 (1), pp. E1-E10. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 May 24. - Publication Year :
- 2021
-
Abstract
- Bitter tastants are recently introduced as potential hunger-suppressive compounds, the so-called "Bitter pill." However, the literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We want to test whether hunger ratings and hormone plasma levels are affected by: 1 ) the site of administration: intragastrically (IG) or intraduodenally (ID), 2 ) the bitter tastant itself, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) or denatonium benzoate (DB), and 3 ) the timing of infusion. Therefore, 14 healthy, female volunteers participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled six-visit crossover study. After an overnight fast, DB (1 µmol/kg), QHCl (10 µmol/kg), or placebo were given IG or ID via a nasogastric feeding tube. Blood samples were taken 10 min before administration and every 10 min after administration for a period of 2 h. Hunger was rated at the same time points on a visual analogue scale. ID bitter administration did not affect hunger sensations, motilin, or acyl-ghrelin release compared with its placebo infusion. IG QHCl infusion tended to suppress hunger increase, especially between 50 and 70 min after infusion, simultaneously with reduced motilin values. Here, acyl-ghrelin was not affected. IG DB did not affect hunger or motilin, however acyl-ghrelin levels were reduced 50-70 minutes after infusion. Plasma values of glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin were too low to be properly detected or to have any physiological relevance. In conclusion, bitter tastants should be infused into the stomach to reduce hunger sensations and orexigenic gut peptides. QHCl has the best potential to reduce hunger sensations, and it should be infused 60 min before food intake. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bitter tastants are a potential new weight-loss treatment. This is a noninvasive, easy approach, which should be received with considerable enthusiasm by the public. However, literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We summarize how the compound should be given based on: the site of administration, the best bitter compound to use, and at what timing in respect to the meal. This paper is therefore a fundamental step to continue research toward the further development of the "bitter pill."
- Subjects :
- Cholecystokinin
Cross-Over Studies
Female
Ghrelin blood
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
Humans
Intubation, Gastrointestinal
Motilin blood
Placebos
Single-Blind Method
Taste
Weight Loss
Young Adult
Duodenum drug effects
Hunger drug effects
Peptide Hormones blood
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds administration & dosage
Quinine administration & dosage
Stomach drug effects
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1522-1555
- Volume :
- 321
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 34029163
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00636.2020