HTNV infection of CD8 + T cells is associated with disease progression in HFRS patients.

Hantaan viruses (HTNVs) are zoonotic pathogens transmitted mainly by rodents and capable of infecting humans. Increasing knowledge of the human response to HTNV infection can guide the development of new preventative vaccines and therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that HTNV can infect CD8 ⁺ T cells in vivo in patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Electron microscopy-mediated tracking of the life cycle and ultrastructure of HTNV-infected CD8 ⁺ T cells in vitro showed an association between notable increases in cytoplasmic multivesicular bodies and virus production. Notably, based on a clinical cohort of 280 patients, we found that circulating HTNV-infected CD8 ⁺ T cell numbers in blood were proportional to disease severity. These results demonstrate that viral infected CD8 ⁺ T cells may be used as an adjunct marker for monitoring HFRS disease progression and that modulating T cell functions may be explored for new treatment strategies.