Toxicity of Graphene: An Update.

Graphene possesses wider biomedical applications including drug delivery, photothermal ablation of tumors, biosensors, and also in the disease diagnosis. The accidental or intentional exposure of the environment including plants, ecosystem, and humans toward graphene is gradually increasing. Therefore, graphene toxicity becomes a critical issue to be addressed despite their diverse applications in multiple fields. In this situation, the scientific community as well as the general public must get awareness about the toxicity of graphene. This article, therefore, reviews the investigations on graphene toxicity. This review reveals the toxicity of graphene in vitro, in vivo models along with the environmental toxicity. The advantages of graphene toxicity in bacterial cells and cancer cells were also reviewed.
(© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)