One-hundred year evolution of prandial insulin preparations: From animal pancreas extracts to rapid-acting analogs.

The first insulin preparation injected in humans in 1922 was short-acting, extracted from animal pancreas, contaminated by impurities. Ever since the insulin extracted from animal pancreas has been continuously purified, until an unlimited synthesis of regular human insulin (RHI) became possible in the '80s using the recombinant-DNA (rDNA) technique. The rDNA technique then led to the designer insulins (analogs) in the early '90s. Rapid-acting insulin analogs were developed to accelerate the slow subcutaneous (sc) absorption of RHI, thus lowering the 2-h post-prandial plasma glucose (PP-PG) and risk for late hypoglycemia as comparing with RHI. The first rapid-acting analog was lispro (in 1996), soon followed by aspart and glulisine. Rapid-acting analogs are more convenient than RHI: they improve early PP-PG, and 24-h PG and A1C as long as basal insulin is also optimized; they lower the risk of late PP hypoglycemia and they allow a shorter time-interval between injection and meal. Today rapid-acting analogs are the gold standard prandial insulins. Recently, even faster analogs have become available (faster aspart, ultra-rapid lispro) or are being studied (Biochaperone lispro), making additional gains in lowering PP-PG. Rapid-acting analogs are recommended in all those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who need prandial insulin replacement.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest in relation to this article. G.B.B. has received honoraria for lectures and advisory boards from Sanofi and Menarini; F.P. has received honoraria for lecturing and consultations from Sanofi, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, MSD; P. L. declares no conflict of interest; C.G.F. has received honoraria for lecturing and consultations from Sanofi, Lilly and travel grants from Menarini; D.R.O. has received honoraria for lectures and advisory board activities from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics and Sanofi.
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