In silico prediction of volume of distribution of drugs in man using conformal prediction performs on par with animal data-based models.

Volume of distribution at steady state (V _ss ) is an important pharmacokinetic endpoint. In this study we apply machine learning and conformal prediction for human V _ss prediction, and make a head-to-head comparison with rat-to-man scaling, allometric scaling and the Rodgers-Lukova method on combined in silico and in vitro data, using a test set of 105 compounds with experimentally observed V _ss .The mean prediction error and % with <2-fold prediction error for our method were 2.4-fold and 64%, respectively. 69% of test compounds had an observed V _ss within the prediction interval at a 70% confidence level. In comparison, 2.2-, 2.9- and 3.1-fold mean errors and 69, 64 and 61% of predictions with <2-fold error was reached with rat-to-man and allometric scaling and Rodgers-Lukova method, respectively.We conclude that our method has theoretically proven validity that was empirically confirmed, and showing predictive accuracy on par with animal models and superior to an alternative widely used in silico -based method. The option for the user to select the level of confidence in predictions offers better guidance on how to optimise V _ss in drug discovery applications.