Longitudinal Trends of the Annual Exposure to PM 2.5 Particles in European Countries.

Background: PM _2.5 emission is known as a major challenge to environmental health and is the cause of approximately 7 million deaths annually. This study aimed at investigating the main patterns of PM _2.5 trend changes among European countries.
Methods: The annual exposure to PM _2.5 pollutants was retrieved from the World Bank for 41 countries during 2010 to 2017, and a latent growth model was applied to identify the main patterns using Mplus 7.4 software.
Results: Monitoring the overall mean annual exposure to PM _2.5 in the Europe showed a downward pattern with an annual decrease of 2.48% during the study period. Turkey had the highest PM _2.5 exposure with 43.82  μ g/m ³ in 2010, reaching 44.31  μ g/m ³ in 2017. Likewise, with 7.19  μ g/m ³ in 2010, Finland had the lowest exposure level which decreased to 5.86  μ g/m ³ in 2017. Two main patterns for the mean annual PM _2.5 exposure were identified via the latent growth model. Countries in the first pattern, including Turkey and Ukraine, had experienced a slow annual increase in the mean exposure of PM _2.5 pollutant. Likewise, the other 39 countries belonged to the second pattern with a moderate falling trend in the mean exposure to PM _2.5 .
Conclusion: Although the trend changes of mean annual exposure to PM _2.5 in Europe were falling, Turkey and Ukraine had experienced a slow annual increase. It is advisable to take appropriate measures to curb the current raising exposure to PM _2.5 in Turkey and Ukraine.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
(Copyright © 2021 Mahdiyeh Alikhani Faradonbeh et al.)