Estimands: bringing clarity and focus to research questions in clinical trials.

Precise specification of the research question and associated treatment effect of interest is essential in clinical research, yet recent work shows that they are often incompletely specified. The ICH E9 (R1) Addendum on Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis in Clinical Trials introduces a framework that supports researchers in precisely and transparently specifying the treatment effect they aim to estimate in their clinical trial. In this paper, we present practical examples to demonstrate to all researchers involved in clinical trials how estimands can help them to specify the research question, lead to a better understanding of the treatment effect to be estimated and hence increase the probability of success of the trial.
Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood the BMJ Group policy on declaration of interests and declare the following interests: TPC and AP are employed by the clinical research organisation ICON.
(© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)