Quantifying the Steric Effect on Metal-Ligand Bonding in Fe Carbene Photosensitizers with Fe 2p3d Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering.

Understanding the electronic structure and chemical bonding of transition metal complexes is important for improving the function of molecular photosensitizers and catalysts. We have utilized X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Fe L ₃ edge to investigate the electronic structure of two Fe N-heterocyclic carbene complexes with similar chemical structures but different steric effects and contrasting excited-state dynamics: [Fe(bmip) ₂ ] ²⁺ and [Fe(btbip) ₂ ] ²⁺ , bmip = 2,6-bis(3-methyl-imidazole-1-ylidine)pyridine and btbip = 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-imidazole-1-ylidene)pyridine. In combination with charge transfer multiplet and ab initio calculations, we quantified how changes in Fe-carbene bond length due to steric effects modify the metal-ligand bonding, including σ/π donation and π back-donation. We find that σ donation is significantly stronger in [Fe(bmip) ₂ ] ²⁺ , whereas the π back-donation is similar in both complexes. The resulting stronger ligand field and nephelauxetic effect in [Fe(bmip) ₂ ] ²⁺ lead to approximately 1 eV destabilization of the quintet metal-centered ⁵ T _2g excited state compared to [Fe(btbip) ₂ ] ²⁺ , providing an explanation for the absence of a photoinduced ⁵ T _2g population and a longer metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited-state lifetime in [Fe(bmip) ₂ ] ²⁺ . This work demonstrates how combined modeling of XAS and RIXS spectra can be utilized to understand the electronic structure of transition metal complexes governed by correlated electrons and donation/back-donation interactions.