Surface Passivation of Sputtered NiO x Using a SAM Interface Layer to Enhance the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells.

Sputtered NiO _x (sp-NiO _x ) is a preferred hole transporting material for perovskite solar cells because of its hole mobility, ease of manufacturability, good stability, and suitable Fermi level for hole extraction. However, uncontrolled defects in sp-NiO _x can limit the efficiency of solar cells fabricated with this hole transporting layer. An interfacial layer has been proposed to modify the sp-NiO _x /perovskite interface, which can contribute to improving the crystallinity of the perovskite film. Herein, a 2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9 H -carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz) self-assembled monolayer was used to modify an sp-NiO _x surface. We found that the MeO-2PACz interlayer improves the quality of the perovskite film due to an enlarged domain size, reduced charge recombination at the sp-NiO _x /perovskite interface, and passivation of the defects in sp-NiO _x surfaces. In addition, the band tail states are also reduced, as indicated by photothermal deflection spectroscopy, which thus indicates a reduction in defect levels. The overall outcome is an improvement in the device efficiency from 11.9% to 17.2% due to the modified sp-NiO _x /perovskite interface, with an active area of 1 cm ² (certified efficiency of 16.25%). On the basis of these results, the interfacial engineering of the electronic properties of sp-NiO _x /MeO-2PACz/perovskite is discussed in relation to the improved device performance.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.
(© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)